В современных публикациях получили заметное распространение любительские рассуждения о происхождении слов, основанные не на науке об истории языков, а на наивном представлении, что для таких рассуждений не требуется никаких специальных знаний, достаточно простых догадок. При этом на основании любительских догадок о происхождении слов в таких сочинениях часто строятся совершенно фантастические выводы об истории целых народов.

Ведь у нас не математика – все аргументы не абсолютные. Так что если у исследователя имеется сильный глубинный стимул «тянуть» в определенную сторону, то специфика дела, увы, легко позволяет эту тягу реализовать – а именно, позволяет находить всё новые и новые аргументы в нужную пользу, незаметно для себя самого раздувать значимость аргументов своей стороны и минимизировать значимость противоположных аргументов.

В работе А. А. Зализняка показано, чем такие рассуждения отличаются от профессиональной лингвистики и почему они не имеют шансов вскрыть истинную историю слов. Особое внимание уделено самому яркому примеру использования любительской лингвистики для построения фиктивной истории многих стран – так называемой «новой хронологии» А. Т. Фоменко.

Мне хотелось бы высказаться в защиту двух простейших идей, которые прежде считались очевидными и даже просто банальными, а теперь звучат очень немодно:

1) Истина существует, и целью науки является ее поиск.

2) В любом обсуждаемом вопросе профессионал (если он действительно профессионал, а не просто носитель казенных титулов) в нормальном случае более прав, чем дилетант.

Для кого

Для читателей, интересующихся языкознанием и лингвистикой. Может быть полезна как профессиональным лингвистам, так и людям, которые только начинают изучать языкознание. В книге Зализняк обсуждает различные языковые явления и проблемы, такие как происхождение слов, грамматические конструкции, идиомы. Таким образом, книга может быть интересна и полезна для всех, кто хочет расширить свои знания в области языкознания и лингвистики.

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Праздник мысли! Именины сердца! Читал и ежесекундно радовался! С какой тонкой иронией забивал осиновый кол в так называемое учение «Новой хронологии»! Как на простых примерах доказывал несостоятельность любительского языкознания и всякой folk-history (прости Г-ди). Лёгкое и познавательное повествование, глубокое знание предмета, любовь к родному языку – все это в книге Андрея Зализника. Читать и перечитывать!

","user_display_name":"gennikk","user_avatar_url":null,"user_is_verified":false,"user_role":null,"user_id":21380035,"is_comment_left_by_reviewed_person":null,"created_at":"2023-04-16T18:18:19","likes_rating":10,"likes_count":12,"dislikes_count":2,"is_liked_by_current_user":false,"is_disliked_by_current_user":false,"is_removed_by_moderator":false,"black_listed_by_user":false,"item_rating":5,"replies":[],"is_user_profile_clickable":true,"source":"litres","replies_count":0},{"id":16255857,"caption":null,"text":"

К сожалению, сектантов Учения Задорнова-Чудинова-Фоменко эта книга не проймет. Почти наверняка. Их никакие доводы разума не проймут, увы.

Но людям интересующимся проблемами языкознания, при этом не погруженным в филологию профессионально - наслышанным про "смелые открытия и разоблачения" и желающим объективно разобраться, что к чему и кто прав - эта книга и немало пользы принесет, и массу удовольствия доставит.

","user_display_name":"Евгений Цепенюк","user_avatar_url":"/pub/avatar/100/00/00/20/79/78/28/20797828.jpg","user_is_verified":false,"user_role":null,"user_id":20797828,"is_comment_left_by_reviewed_person":null,"created_at":"2023-07-16T16:18:05","likes_rating":7,"likes_count":8,"dislikes_count":1,"is_liked_by_current_user":false,"is_disliked_by_current_user":false,"is_removed_by_moderator":false,"black_listed_by_user":false,"item_rating":5,"replies":[],"is_user_profile_clickable":true,"source":"litres","replies_count":0},{"id":16324310,"caption":null,"text":"

Интересная книга на важную тему, написанная доступным языком. Немного грустно, что подобная любительская лингвистика воспринимается кем-то на полном серьёзе, а не как анекдот или забава младшеклассников. Хорошо, что книги о настоящей истории языка и его изучении пишут и издают, давая возможность не скатиться в бред уровня новой хронологии и просто узнать что-то новое и полезное для себя.

","user_display_name":"Vasilisa","user_avatar_url":"/pub/avatar/100/00/06/60/89/01/57/660890157.jpg","user_is_verified":false,"user_role":null,"user_id":660890157,"is_comment_left_by_reviewed_person":null,"created_at":"2023-07-27T14:10:58","likes_rating":3,"likes_count":3,"dislikes_count":0,"is_liked_by_current_user":false,"is_disliked_by_current_user":false,"is_removed_by_moderator":false,"black_listed_by_user":false,"item_rating":5,"replies":[],"is_user_profile_clickable":true,"source":"litres","replies_count":0},{"id":21764119,"caption":"Порхает как бабочка, жалит как пчела","text":"

Это, наверное, одна из первых в своё время книг в России, в которой учёный доступно объяснил всю несостоятельность наивно-конспиративных теорий языка. С одной стороны мне, как любителю языков, было очень интересно. С другой стороны, меня не оставляло ощущение, что здесь мы наблюдаем, как микроскопом забивают гвозди. Уж слишком жалко потраченного таким великим учёным как Зализняк времени на опровержение аргументации в стиле \"этрусски = это русские\".

Linguistics 101

Академик напоминает азы :

* Исторически устная речь первична по отношению к письменной. Бесписьменные языки крайне устойчивы в своей структуре. Нет никакого приоритета письменной формы слова над устной. Слово не начинают внезапно произносить по-другому из-за того, что кто-то когда-то записал его по-иному.

** Внешнее сходство двух слов (или двух корней) из разных языков само по себе не является свидетельством какой бы то ни было исторической связи между ними. Фонетические совпадения нередки просто в силу ограниченного и пересекающегося между собой набора звуков в языках.

*** Фонетические измения не бывают произвольными. Если когда-то в слове выпала буква или один звук перешёл в другой, такое изменение в подавляющем большинстве случаев должно верифицироваться и в других словах с теми же буквосочетаниями / звуками. Должны наблюдаться т.н.регулярные фонетические изменения. Исключения выявленным правилам перехода есть, но они единичны. Собственно Зализняк приводит только один пример такого уникального перехода - слово \"зенит\", в котором скорее всего изначальное \"m\" (\"м) перешло в ni (\"ни\"), из-за визуальной схожести в средневековых текстах.

**** Направление заимствования между языками определяется на основе того, в каком из двух сравниваемых языков слово является, образно говоря, инородным телом, а в каком - естественным (сравни, к примеру, название месяцев в латыни и в русском).

****** Ну и отдельно, в части верификации подлинности древних текстов, интересно следующее. \" [Н]ормальная копия с древнего текста — это текст, где нет грамматических неправильностей, а просто проявляют себя (в той или иной степени) две нормы — старая и новая. Например, в «Слове о полку Игореве» нет ничего, что не соответствовало бы либо норме XII века, либо норме XV века. И его язык по большому числу параметров близко сходен с языком определенной категории реальных рукописей (а именно, списков XV-ХV веков с древнего оригинала, сделанных на северо-западе Руси)\". Остаётся только добавить, что по этому критерию \"Велесова книга\" - крайне слабая подделка.

Кто виноват? Академик за пределами своей сферы

Там, где речь идёт о филологии и лингвистике, Зализняк \"порхает как бабочка, жалит как пчела\". Научные методы, последовательность и логика, сопровождаемая тонкой иронией (несколько раз я был на грани того, чтобы захохотать в голос - так изящно Зализняк \"поддевает\" лингвофриков, не переходя ни разу при этом границу дозволенного) - всё это подымает у такого читателя, как я, и так огромное уважение к науке на ещё более высокий уровень.

В этой чудесной книге есть, однако, момент, с которым я не могу согласиться. Речь о том, как Зализняк объясняет появление лингвофриков и их относительную популярность в современном обществе. По версии академика, объясняется это якобы тем, что в СССР в официальной науке подавлялась всякая открытая научная дискуссия, существовали запретные темы. Всё это якобы привело к недоверию к научным публикациям со стороны простого человека.

\"Построения [лингвофрика Фоменко] встречают сочувствие у совсем другого круга людей. Многим эти построения нравятся именно своей экстравагантностью и революционностью. Обычно особенно импонирует то, что ниспровергается «официальная наука», тем более такая замаранная в советское время прислужничеством идеологии, как история.\"

И это далеко не единственное такого рода замечание Зализняка в книге. Вот ещё цитата:

\"Разумеется, в отношении гуманитарных наук губительную роль играла установка советской власти на прямую постановку этих наук на службу политической пропаганде. Результат: неверие и насмешка над официальными философами, официальными историками, официальными литературоведами. Теперь убедить общество, что в этих науках бывают выводы, не продиктованные властями предержащими или не подлаженные под их интересы, действительно очень трудно.

Это поветрие — уже не чисто российское, оно ощущается и во-всем западном мире. Но в России оно заметно усилено ситуацией постсоветского идеологического вакуума\".

Во-первых, в цитате заметно внутреннее логическое противоречие: если недоверие к официальной науке в России якобы вызвано всепроникающей советской пропагандой, то почему же и в западном мире такое же антинаучное \"поветрие\"? В принципе слышал ли Зализняк что-то про книгу Марка Ферро \"Как рассказывают историю детям в разных странах мира\"? Догадывался ли он, что научная деятельность не находится в сферическом вакууме, но естественным образом испытывает на себе влияние (в той или иной степени) и идеологии, и пропаганды, независимо от страны и эпохи?

Но дело даже не в том. Зализняк как будто забывает, что в СССР было не какое-то там недоверие к официальной науке, а - наоборот! - существовал практически непререкаемый авторитет печатного слова. Если нехудожественная книга публиковалась, значит, она прошла корректорскую и редакторскую проверку, у неё скорее всего был научный консультант и рецензент. Советский читатель, перенесённый во времена дикого капитализма, оказался попросту не готов к тому, что книгу может опубликовать абы кто и абы о чём. Ещё более советский читатель оказался не готов к тому, что издатели и книжные магазины в погоне за продажами (\"деньги, здесь всё из-за денег\"), будут продавать что угодно, лишь бы продавалось. При этом книжные дельцы будут придумывать опусам конспиративно-графоманского содержания кричащие обложки, провокационные или даже ложные описания (в стиле \"учёные скрывали, а мы вам откроем тайну\"), ставить их в магазинах на одну полку - на равных! - с научными изданиями. Да и потом, слаба природа человека, он в целом не очень хочет напрягать свой мозг. В условиях отсутствия мало-мальской цензуры и государственно-общественной политики на книжном рынке, условный Фоменко с его увлекательной чушью в яркой обложке в большинстве случаев будет привлекательнее (и громче, и популярнее) условного Зализняка с его научным, но жутко скучным для обывателя разбором каких-нибудь энкликтик древнеславянского. Так что распространение фриков всех мастей - это как раз черта нынешнего капитализма.

Странно кстати, откуда у Зализняка, на полную воспользовавшегося советским социальным лифтом, такая нелюбовь к советскому прошлому? Откуда такая небрезгливость по отношению к ряду деятелей, напрямую способствовавших развалу великой страны (я про принятие премии от Солженицына)? Вообще это отдельная тема - явственная фронда среди действующих в публичном пространстве филологов (см., к примеру, в самой разбираемой книге предисловие \"с фигой в кармане\" за авторством Д.Сичинавы). Влияние Зализняка?

Впрочем-впрочем это всё, конечно, не отменяет прелесть книги Зализняка. Настоятельно рекомендую.

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С деятельностью Зализняка А.А. я познакомилась, случайно наткнувшись на ютубе на запись его лекции о разборе языка \"Велесовой книги\". И тогда меня покорила его манера донесения информации: простота, четкость, структурированность. Я пересматривала эту лекцию несколько раз и знаю ее почти наизусть.

Наконец-то руки дошли и до его книг. К сожалению, попасть на его лекцию я не успела...\nНо какое же наслаждение читать Андрея Анатольевича на бумаге! Я сама по образованию философ, и потому построение гуманитарных доказательств мне интересно с профессиональной точки зрения. А весь этот небольшой сборник, по сути, представляет собой иллюстрацию высокой гуманитарной полемики. И скажу просто - это кайф.

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Глава первая Что такое любительская лингвистика Язык как предмет для размышлений

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