Главная ограниченность человеческого разума состоит в том, что он почти не в состоянии вернуться в прошлое, занять прежнюю позицию, зная о будущих переменах. Чуть только вы построили новую картину мира или его части, старая стирается – вы уже не вспомните, как и во что верили раньше.
The widespread misunderstanding of randomness sometimes has significant consequences. In our article on representativeness, Amos and I cited the statistician William Feller, who illustrated the ease with which people see patterns where none exists. During the intensive rocket bombing of London in World War II, it was generally believed that the bombing could not be random because a map of the hits revealed conspicuous gaps. Some suspected that German spies were located in the unharmed areas. A careful statistical analysis revealed that the distribution of hits was typical of a random process—and typical as well in evoking a strong impression that it was not random. “To the untrained eye,” Feller remarks, “randomness appears as regularity or tendency to cluster.”
The striking finding was that people who had received a message extolling the benefits of a technology also changed their beliefs about its risks. Although they had received no relevant evidence, the technology they now liked more than before was also perceived as less risky. Similarly, respondents who were told only that the risks of a technology were mild developed a more favorable view of its benefits. The implication is clear: as the psychologist Jonathan Haidt said in another context, “The emotional tail wags the rational dog.” The affect heuristic simplifies our lives by creating a world that is much tidier than reality. Good technologies have few costs in the imaginary world we inhabit, bad technologies have no benefits, and all decisions are easy. In the real world, of course, we often face painful tradeoffs between benefits and costs.
Democracy is inevitably messy, in part because the availability and affect heuristics that guide citizens’ beliefs and attitudes are inevitably biased, even if they generally point in the right direction. Psychology should inform the design of risk policies that combine the experts’ knowledge with the public’s emotions and intuitions.
A general limitation of the human mind is its imperfect ability to reconstruct past states of knowledge, or beliefs that have changed. Once you adopt a new view of the world (or of any part of it), you immediately lose much of your ability to recall what you used to believe before your mind changed.
Столкнувшись с трудным вопросом, мы отвечаем на более легкий, обычно не замечая подмены.
Один таракан испортит вид миски ягод, тогда как одна ягодка ничуть не улучшит миску, полную тараканов
Бывают же такие периоды в жизни. Идет себе черная полоса, идет, а потом - хрясь! - и оказывается, что она была белой.
Нужно уметь полагаться на интуицию, потому что как правило её голос - следствие обработки в подсознании мелких деталей реальности, которые сознание не всегда способны уловить и подметить.
Если ты не знаешь причин, это ещё не значит, что их нет.